Violence et subjectivation dans Les exclus et Lust d'Elfriede Jelinek

Ce travail cherche à envisager les possibilités d'un lien entre quête de subjectivation et éruption de violence, par l'entremise de deux romans de l'écrivaine autrichienne Elfriede Jelinek. Notre analyse vise à illustrer que les protagonistes d'adolescents délinquants dans Les exclus et la femme au foyer maltraitée de Lust, désirant quitter une existence perçue comme intolérable, en viennent eux-mêmes au déploiement d'une violence, meurtrière, en réaction désespérée à l'impossibilité qu'ils constatent de devenir sujets de leur propre vie. Suivant l'hypothèse véhiculée par le sociologue Michel Wieviorka, nous postulons que le passage à la violence s'enclenche chez des individus qui sont niés, bafoués dans leur désir d'entamer une quête vers un statut de sujet, entendu par le sociologue Alain Touraine comme étant une revendication d'émancipation, un salutaire retour sur soi, un questionnement qui vise à faire en sorte que notre vie soit davantage en accord avec nos valeurs personnelles profondes. Les personnages de victimes (toujours femmes ou pauvres) dans ces deux romans de Jelinek, en plus d'être fréquemment maltraités, battus, ne se voient pas reconnaître la possibilité de s'assumer comme finalité de leur propre action et sont plutôt constamment ravalés au pur statut d'objet, à un rôle social auquel ils n'ont pas consenti, au statut de quantité négligeable. Face à cette domination qu'ils ne peuvent terrasser, ils en viennent à leur tour à l'exercice d'une violence qui exprime leur désarroi, cercle vicieux infernal où la victime de violence devient celui ou celle qui déclenche un nouveau déferlement de violences. Nous décrivons chez Elfriede Jelinek un panorama général toujours constitué d'une même typologie de figures de sujets quant à leur lien avec la violence : l'instigateur de violences vu comme un anti-sujet, refusant de reconnaître l'autre comme un égal, le sujet flottant, qui n'arrive pas à donner un contenu social à son malheur, et le sujet en survie, qui déclenche une violence en vue de pouvoir simplement sauver sa peau. Ces types sont analysés chez Jelinek comme étant directement reliés à la société nationale autrichienne, décrite par la romancière comme fortement inégalitaire, hiérarchisée et entièrement pénétrée des mêmes valeurs nazies défendues par l'Autriche pendant la période du Troisième Reich. Nous envisageons également la possibilité de l'échec d'une subjectivation par la faute des protagonistes eux-mêmes, dont le désir de se muer en sujet est soit trop superficiel et conformiste, soit détourné par les mirages provenant d'images aussi belles que vides, voire même le fait d'une certaine complicité avec la domination qui s'abat pourtant sur eux. Nous notons aussi une modification importante dans l'expression formelle de la romancière entre le style d'écriture préconisé dans Les exclus et celui, plus touffu et chaotique, de Lust. Nous voyons dans cette écriture agressive, inhospitalière et répétitive une tentative d'illustrer au niveau formel l'aggravation apportée au niveau des thématiques et, par la création d'une langue nouvelle, mais usagée, une façon de témoigner en faveur de ceux qui n'ont pas de voix.\ud _____________________________________________________________________________

Étude des corrélations azimutales dans les collisions photon-photon au LEP

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

Spectral Diffusion Processes

Score-based generative modelling (SGM) has proven to be a very effective method for modelling densities on finite-dimensional spaces. In this work we propose to extend this methodology to learn generative models over functional spaces. To do so, we represent functional data in spectral space to dissociate the stochastic part of the processes from their space-time part. Using dimensionality reduction techniques we then sample from their stochastic component using finite dimensional SGM. We demonstrate our method's effectiveness for modelling various multimodal datasets.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, Score-based Method Workshop at 36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2022

Sequential quasi-Monte Carlo: Introduction for Non-Experts, Dimension Reduction, Application to Partly Observed Diffusion Processes

SMC (Sequential Monte Carlo) is a class of Monte Carlo algorithms for filtering and related sequential problems. Gerber and Chopin (2015) introduced SQMC (Sequential quasi-Monte Carlo), a QMC version of SMC. This paper has two objectives: (a) to introduce Sequential Monte Carlo to the QMC community, whose members are usually less familiar with state-space models and particle filtering; (b) to extend SQMC to the filtering of continuous-time state-space models, where the latent process is a diffusion. A recurring point in the paper will be the notion of dimension reduction, that is how to implement SQMC in such a way that it provides good performance despite the high dimension of the problem.Comment: To be published in the proceedings of MCMQMC 201

Fatty acid profile in peri-prostatic adipose tissue and prostate cancer aggressiveness in African-Caribbean and Caucasian patients

BACKGROUND: Genetic and nutritional factors have been linked to the risk of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). The fatty acid (FA) composition of peri-prostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), which reflects the past FA intake, is potentially involved in PCa progression. We analysed the FA composition of PPAT, in correlation with the ethno-geographical origin of the patients and markers of tumour aggressiveness. METHODS: From a cohort of 1000 men treated for PCa by radical prostatectomy, FA composition of PPAT was analysed in 156 patients (106 Caucasians and 50 African-Caribbeans), 78 with an indolent tumour (ISUP group 1 + pT2 + PSA <10 ng/mL) and 78 with an aggressive tumour (ISUP group 4-5 + pT3). The effect of FA extracted from PPAT on in-vitro migration of PCa cells DU145 was studied in 72 patients, 36 Caucasians, and 36 African-Caribbeans. RESULTS: FA composition differed according to the ethno-geographical origin. Linoleic acid, an essential n-6 FA, was 2-fold higher in African-Caribbeans compared with Caucasian patients, regardless of disease aggressiveness. In African-Caribbeans, the FA profile associated with PCa aggressiveness was characterised by low level of linoleic acid along with high levels of saturates. In Caucasians, a weak and negative association was observed between eicosapentaenoic acid level (an n-3 FA) and disease aggressiveness. In-vitro migration of PCa cells using PPAT from African-Caribbean patients was associated with lower content of linoleic acid. CONCLUSION: These results highlight an important ethno-geographical variation of PPAT, in both their FA content and association with tumour aggressiveness

Association of trial registration with the results and conclusions of published trials of new oncology drugs

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Registration of clinical trials has been introduced largely to reduce bias toward statistically significant results in the trial literature. Doubts remain about whether advance registration alone is an adequate measure to reduce selective publication, selective outcome reporting, and biased design. One of the first areas of medicine in which registration was widely adopted was oncology, although the bulk of registered oncology trials remain unpublished. The net influence of registration on the literature remains untested. This study compares the prevalence of favorable results and conclusions among published reports of registered and unregistered randomized controlled trials of new oncology drugs.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted a cross-sectional study of published original research articles reporting clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of drugs newly approved for antimalignancy indications by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2000 through 2005. Drugs receiving first-time approval for indications in oncology were identified using the FDA web site and Thomson Centerwatch. Relevant trial reports were identified using PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Evidence of advance trial registration was obtained by a search of clinicaltrials.gov, WHO, ISRCTN, NCI-PDQ trial databases and corporate trial registries, as well as articles themselves. Data on blinding, results for primary outcomes, and author conclusions were extracted independently by two coders. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression identified associations between favorable results and conclusions and independent variables including advance registration, study design characteristics, and industry sponsorship.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of 137 original research reports from 115 distinct randomized trials assessing 25 newly approved drugs for treating cancer, the 54 publications describing data from trials registered prior to publication were as likely to report statistically significant efficacy results and reach conclusions favoring the test drug (for results, OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 0.87 to 3.61) as reports of trials not registered in advance. In multivariate analysis, reports of prior registered trials were again as likely to favor the test drug (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.54 to 3.08); large sample sizes and surrogate outcome measures were statistically significant predictors of favorable efficacy results at p < 0.05. Subgroup analysis of the main reports from each trial (n = 115) similarly indicated that registered trials were as likely to report results favoring the test drug as trials not registered in advance (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.44 to 2.80), and also that large trials and trials with nonstringent blinding were significantly more likely to report results favoring the test drug.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Trial registration alone, without a requirement for full reporting of research results, does not appear to reduce a bias toward results and conclusions favoring new drugs in the clinical trials literature. Our findings support the inclusion of full results reporting in trial registers, as well as protocols to allow assessment of whether results have been completely reported.</p

Just Say No (For Now): The Ethics of Illegal Drug Use

The war on drugs is widely criticized as unjust. The idea that the laws prohibiting drugs are unjust can easily lead to the conclusion that those laws do not deserve our respect, so that our only moral reason to obey them flows from a general moral obligation to obey the law, rather than from anything morally troubling about drug use itself. In this paper, I argue that this line of thinking is mistaken. I begin by arguing that the drug laws are indeed unjust. However, so long as they remain prohibited, I argue that we have strong moral reasons to avoid drug use. First, drug users are partly responsible for the violent and exploitative conditions in which many drugs are produced and distributed. Second, the unequal ways in which drug laws are enforced make drug use by many an unethical exercise of privilege. These reasons do not depend on the existence of a general moral obligation to obey the law; we ought to refrain from illegal drug use even if prohibition is unjust and even if we have no general obligation to obey the law. In fact, drug laws turn out to represent an interesting exception case within the broader debate about this obligation, and I argue that it is the very injustice of the law that generates the reasons not to violate it